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Photographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

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CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

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CIHM/ICMH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


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Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notes/Notes  techniques  et  bibliographiques 


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28X 


32X 


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conformity  avec  les  conditions  du  contrat  de 
filmage. 

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par  ie  premier  plat  et  en  terminant  soit  par  la 
dernidre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
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plat,  selon  le  cas.  Tous  les  autres  exemplaires 
originaux  sont  film6s  en  commengant  par  la 
premiere  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration  et  en  terminant  par 
la  dernidre  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 


Un  des  symboles  suivants  apparaitra  sur  la 
dernidre  image  de  cheque  microfiche,  selon  le 
cas:  ie  symbole  — ♦►  signifie  "A  SUIVRE"   '- 
symbols  V  signifie  "FIN". 


le 


Les  cartes,  planches,  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvent  §tre 
film6s  d  des  taux  de  reduction  diffdrents. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  dtre 
reproduit  en  un  seul  clichd,  il  est  film*  A  partir 
de  ranyie  supirieur  gauche,  de  gauche  d  droite, 
et  de  haut  en  bas,  en  prenant  le  nombre 
d'images  ndcessaire.  Les  diagrammes  suivants 
illustrent  la  m^thoue. 


1 

2 

3 

1 


6 


1 


<DIti  cS^outl)  aicaflctflf. 


No.  41. 


Washington's 

Tour 
to  the  Ohio. 


From  his  Journal  ok  a  Tour  to  the  Ohio  River  in  1770. 


October  i-jth. —  Dr.  Craik  and  myself,  with  Captain  Crawford 
and  others,  arrived  at  Fort  Pitt,  distant  from  the  Crossing  forty- 
three  and  a  half  measured  miles.  In  riding  this  distance  we 
passed  over  a  great  deal  of  exceedingly  fine  land,  (chieHy  white- 
oak,)  especially  from  Seveigley's  Creek  to  Turtle  Creek,  but 
the  whole  broken  ;  resembling,  (as  I  think  all  the  lands  in  this 
country  do,)  the  Loudoun  lands  for  hills.  We  lodged  in  what 
is  called  the  town,  distant  about  three  hundred  yards  from  the 
fort,  at  one  Mr.  Semple's  who  keeps  a  very  good  house  of 
public  entertainment.  These  houses,  which  are  built  of  logs, 
and  ranged  into  streets,  are  on  the  Monongahela,  and  I  sup- 
pose may  be  about  twenty  in  number,  and  inhabited  by  Indian 
traders,  &c.  The  fort  is  built  on  the  point  between  the  rivers 
Allegany  and  Monongahela,  but  not  so  near  the  pitch  of  it  as 
Fort  Duquesne  stood.  It  is  five-sided  and  regular,  two  of 
which  next  the  land  are  of  brick ;  the  others  stockade.  A 
moat  encompasses  it.  The  garrison  consists  of  two  companies 
of  Royal  Irish,  commanded  by  Captain  Edmonson. 

18///. —  Dined  in  the  Fort  with  Colonel  Croghan  and  the 
officers  of  the  garrison ;  supped  there  also,  meeting  with  great 
civility  from  the  gentlemen,  and  engaged  to  dine  with  Colons' 
Croghan  the  next  day  at  his  seat,  about  four  miles  up  the  Alle- 
gany. 

i<)fh. —  Received  a  message  from  Colonel  Croghan,  that  the 
White  Mingo  and  other  chiefs  of  the  Six  Nations  had  something 
to  say  to  me,  and  desiring  that  I  should  be  at  his  house  about 
eleven   (where  they  were  to  meet),  I  went  up  and  received  a 


I 


r!  f 


1 


speech,  with  a  string  ot  wampum  from  the  White  Mingo,  to  the 
following  effect. 

"  That  I  was  a  person  whom  some  of  them  remember  to  have 
seen,  when  I  was  sent  on  an  embassy  to  the  French,  and  most 
of  them  had  heard  of,  they  were  come  to  bid  me  welcome  to 
this  country,  and  to  desire  that  the  people  of  Virginia  would 
consider  them  as  friends  and  brothers,  linked  together  in  one 
chain;  that  I  would  inform  the  governor  that  it  was  their  wish 
to  live  in  peace  and  harmony  with  the  white  people,  and  that 
though  there  had  been  some  unhappy  differences  between  them 
and  the  people  upon  our  frontiers,  they  were  all  made  up,  and 
they  hoped  forgotten  ;  and  concluded  with  saying,  that  their 
brothers  of  Virginia  did  not  come  among  them  and  trade  as  the 
inhabitants  of  the  other  provinces  did,  from  whence  they  were 
afraid  that  we  did  not  look  upon  them  with  so  friendly  an  eye 
as  they  could  wish." 

To  this  1  answered,  (after  thanking  them  for  their  friendly 
welcome,)  that  all  the  injuries  and  affronts,  that  had  passed  on 
either  side,  were  now  totally  forgotten,  and  that  I  was  sure 
nothing  was  more  wished  and  desired  by  the  people  of  Virginia, 
than  to  live  in  the  strictest  friendship  with  them ;  that  the  Vir- 
ginians were  a  people  not  so  much  engaged  in  trade  as  the 
Pennsylvanians,  &:ca.,  which  was  the  reason  of  their  not  being 
so  frequently  among  them ;  but  that  it  was  possible  they  might 
for  the  time  to  come  have  stricter  connexions  with  them,  and 
that  1  would  acquaint  the  governor  with  their  desires. 

After  dinner  at  Colonel  Croghan's  we  returned  to  Pittsburg, 
Colonel  Croghan  with  us,  who  intended  to  accompany  us  part 
of  the  way  down  the  river,  having  engaged  an  Indian  called  the 
Pheasant,  and  one  Joseph  Nicholson  an  interpreter,  to  attend 
us  the  whole  voyage;  also  a  young  Indian  warrior. 

2o///. —  We  embarked  in  a  large  canoe,  with  sufficient  store 
of  provisions  and  necessaries,  and  the  following  persons,  (be- 
sides Dr.  Craik  and  myself,)  to  wit:  —  Captain  Crawford, 
Joseph  Nicholson,  Robert  Bell,  William  Harrison,  Charles 
Morgan,  and  Daniel  Rendon,  a  boy  of  Captain  Crawford's,  and 
the  Indians,  who  were  in  a  canoe  by  themselves.  From  Fort 
Pitt  we  sent  our  horses  and  boys  back  to  Captain  Crawford's, 
with  orders  to  meet  us  there  again  the  14th  day  of  November. 
Colonel  Croghan,  Lieutenant  Hamilton,  and  Mr.  Magee,  set 
out  with  us.  At  two  we  dined  at  Mr.  Magee's,  and  encamped 
ten  miles  below,  and  four  above  the  Logstown.  We  passed 
several  large  islands,  which  appeared  to  [be]  very  good,  as  the 
bottoms  also  did  on  each  side  of  the  river  alternately ;  the  hills 


on  one  side  being  opposite  to  the  bottoms  on  the  other,  which 
seem  generally  to  be  about  three  or  four  hundred  yards  wide, 
and  so  vice  versa. 

2\st. —  Left  our  encampment  about  six  o'clock,  and  break- 
fasted at  the  Logstown,  where  we  parted  with  Colonel  Croghan 
and  company  about  nine  o'clock.  At  eleven  we  came  to  the 
mouth  of  the  liig  Beaver  Creek,  opposite  to  which  is  a  good 
situation  for  a  house,  and  above  it,  on  the  same  side,  (that  is 
the  west,)  there  appears  to  be  a  body  of  fine  land.  About  five 
miles  lower  down,  on  the  east  side,  comes  in  Raccoon  Creek, 
at  the  mouth  of  which  and  up  it  appears  to  be  a  body  of  good 
land  also.  All  the  land  between  this  creek  and  the  Mononga- 
heia,  and  for  fifteen  miles  back,  is  claimed  by  Colonel  Croghan 
under  a  purchase  from  the  Indians,  (and  which  sale  he  says  is 
confirmed  by  his  Majesty.)  On  this  creek,  where  the  branches 
thereof  interlock  with  the  waters  of  Shirtees  Creek,  there  is, 
according  to  Colonel  Croghan's  account,  a  body  of  fine,  rich, 
level  land.  This  tract  he  wants  to  sell,  and  offers  it  at  five 
pounds  sterling  per  hundred  acres,  with  an  exemption  of  quit- 
rents  for  twenty  years ;  after  which,  to  be  subject  to  the  pay- 
ment of  four  shillings  and  two  pence  sterling  per  hundred  ; 
provided  he  can  sell  it  in  ten-thousand-acre  lots.  Note :  the 
unsettled  state  of  this  country  renders  any  purchase  dangerous,. 
From  Raccoon  Creek  to  Little  Beaver  Creek  appears  to  me  to 
be  little  short  of  ten  miles,  and  about  three  miles  below  this  we 
encamped  ;  after  hiding  a  barrel  of  biscuit  in  an  island  (in 
sight)  to  lighten  our  canoe. 

22//. —  As  it  began  to  snow  about  midnight,  and  continued 
pretty  steadily  at  it,  it  was  about  half  after  seven  before  we 
left  our  encampment.  At  the  distance  of  about  eight  miles  we 
came  to  the  mouth  of  Yellow  Creek,  (to  the  west)  opposite  to, 
or  rather  below  which,  appears  to  be  a  long  bottom  of  very 
good  land,  and  the  ascent  to  the  hills  apparently  gradual. 
There  is  another  pretty  large  bottom  of  very  good  land  about 
two  or  three  miles  above  this.  About  eleven  or  twelve  miles 
from  this,  and  just  above  what  is  called  the  Long  Island  (which 
though  so  distinguished  is  not  very  remarkable  for  length, 
breadth,  or  goodness),  comes  in  on  the  east  side  the  river  a 
small  creek,  or  run,  the  name  of  which  I  could  not  learn ;  and 
a  mile  or  two  below  the  island,  on  the  west  side,  comes  in  Big 
Stony  Creek  (not  larger  in  appearance  than  the  other),  on 
neither  of  which  does  there  seem  to  be  any  large  bottoms  or 
bodies  of  good  land.  About  seven  miles  from  the  last  men- 
tioned creek,  twenty-eight  from  our  last  encampment,  and  about 


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seventy-five  from  Pittsburg,  we  came  to  thv^  Mingo  Town,  sit- 
uate on  the  west  side  the  river,  a  little  above  the  Cross  Creeks. 
This  place  contains  about  twenty  cabins,  and  seventy  inhab- 
itants of  the  Six  Nations.  Had  we  set  off  early,  and  kept  con- 
stantly at  it,  we  might  have  reached  lower  than  this  place  to-day  ; 
as  the  water  in  many  places  run  pretty  swift,  in  general  more  so 
than  yesterday.  The  river  from  Fort  Pitt  to  the  Logstown  has 
some  ugly  rifts  and  shoals,  which  we  found  somewhat  difficult 
to  pass,  whether  from  our  inexperience  of  the  channel,  or  not, 
I  cannot  undertake  to  say.  From  the  Logstown  to  the  mouth 
of  Little  Beaver  Creek  is  much  the  same  kind  of  water;  that 
is,  rapid  in  some  places,  gliding  gently  along  in  others,  and 
quite  still  in  many.  The  water  from  Little  Beaver  Creek  to  the 
Mingo  Town,  in  general,  is  swifter  than  we  found  it  the  preced- 
ing day,  and  without  any  shallows;  there  being  some  one  part 
or  another  always  deep,  which  is  a  natural  consequence,  as  the 
river  in  all  the  distance  from  Fort  Pitt  to  this  town  has  not 
widened  at  all,  nor  doth  the  bottoms  appear  to  be  any  larger. 
The  hills  which  come  close  to  the  river  opposite  to  each  bottom 
are  steep ;  and  on  the  side  in  view,  in  many  places,  rocky  and 
cragged ;  but  said  to  abound  in  good  land  on  the  tops.  These 
are  not  a  range  of  hills,  but  broken  and  cut  in  two,  as  if  there 
were  frequent  watercourses  running  through,  (which  however 
we  did  not  perceive  to  be  the  case,  consequently  they  must  be 
small  if  any.)  The  river  along  down  abounds  in  wild  geese, 
and  several  kinds  of  ducks,  but  in  no  great  quantity.  We 
killed  five  wild  turkeys  to  day.  Upon  our  arrival  at  the  Mingo 
Town,  we  received  the  disagreeable  news  of  two  traders  being 
killed  at  a  town  called  the  Grape-Vine  Town,  thirty-eight  miles 
below  this ;  which  caused  us  to  hesitate  whether  we  should 
proceed,  or  wait  for  further  intelligence. 

23^/. —  Several  imperfect  accounts  coming  in,  agreeing  that 
only  one  person  was  killed,  and  the  Indians  not  supposing  it  to 
be  done  by  their  people,  we  resolved  to  pursue  our  passage, 
till  we  could  get  some  more  distinct  account  of  this  transaction. 
Accordingly  about  two  o'clock  we  set  out  with  the  two  Indians, 
who  were  to  accompany  us,  in  our  canoe,  and  in  about  four 
miles  came  to  the  mouth  of  a  creek  called  Sculp  Creek  on  the 
east  side,  at  the  mouth  of  which  is  a  bottom  of  very  good  land, 
as  I  am  told  there  likewise  is  up  it.  The  Cross  Creeks,  (as 
they  are  called,)  are  not  large;  that  on  the  west  side  is  biggest. 
At  the  Mingo  Town  we  found  and  left  sixty  &  odd  warriors  of 
the  Six  Nations,  going  to  the  Cherokee  country  to  proceed  to 
war  against  the  Catawbas.     About  ten  miles  below  the  town. 


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we  came  to  two  other  cross  creeks ;  that  on  the  west  side 
largest,  but  not  big,  and  called  by  Nicholson,  French  Creek. 
About  three  miles,  or  a  little  better  belo'-  this,  at  the  lower  point 
of  some  islands,  which  stand  contiguous  lo  eacli  otlier,  we  were 
told  by  the  Indians  with  us  that  three  men  from  Virginia  (by 
\'irgu>ians  they  mean  all  the  people  settled  upon  Redstone, 
vVc.)  had  marked  the  land  from  hence  all  the  way  to  Red- 
bione;  that  there  was  a  body  of  exceeduig  tine  land  lying  about 
this  place,  and  up  opposite  to  the  Mingo  Town,  as  also  down 
to  the  moutl.  of  Fishing  Creek.     At  this  place  we  encamped. 

24///. —  We  lelt  our  encampment  before  sunrise,  and  about 
six  miles  below  it  we  came  to  the  mouth  of  a  pretty  smart 
creek,  coming  in  to  the  eastward,  called  by  the  Indians  Split 
Island  Creek,  from  its  running  in  against  an  island.  On  this 
creek  there  is  the  appearance  of  good  land  a  distance  up  it. 
Six  miles  below  this  again  we  came  to  another  creek  on  the 
west  side,  called  by  Nicholson,  Wheeling;  and  about  a  mile 
lower  down  appears  to  be  another  small  water  coming  in  on  the 
east  side,  whicli  I  remark,  because  of  the  scarcity  of  them,  and 
to  show  how  badly  furnished  this  country  is  with  mill-seats. 
Two  or  three  miles  below  this  again  is  another  run  on  the  west 
side,  up  which  is  a  near  way  by  land  to  the  Mingo  Town  ;  and 
about  four  miles  lower,  comes  in  another  on  the  east,  at  which 
place  is  a  path  leading  to  the  settlement  at  Redstone.  About 
a  mile  and  a  half  below  this  again,  comes  in  the  Pipe  Creek,  so 
called  by  the  Indians  from  a  stone,  which  is  found  here,  out  of 
which  they  make  pipes.  Opposite  to  this,  that  is,  on  the  east 
side,  is  a  bottom  of  exceeding  rich  land ;  but  as  it  seems  to 
lie  low,  I  am  apprehensive  that  it  is  subject  to  be  overflowed. 
This  bottom  ends  where  the  effects  of  a  hurricane  appear,  by 
the  destruction  and  havoc  among  the  trees.  Two  or  three 
miles  below  the  Pipe  Creek  is  a  pretty  large  creek  on  the  west 
side,  called  by  Nicholson  Fox-Grape-Vine,  by  others  Captema 
Creek,  on  which,  eight  miles  up,  is  the  town  called  the  Grape- 
\'ine  Town ;  and  at  the  mouth  of  it  is  the  place  where  it  was 
said  the  traders  lived,  and  the  one  was  killed.  To  this  place 
we  came  about  three  o'clock  in  the  afternoon,  and  finding 
nobody  there,  we  agreed  to  camp;  that  Nicholson  and  one  of 
the  Indians  might  go  up  to  the  town,  and  inquire  into  the  truth 
of  the  report  concerning  the  murder. 

25/A. —  About  seven  o'clock,  Nicholson  and  the  Indian  re- 
turned; they  found  nobody  at  the  town  but  two  old  Indian 
women  (the  men  being  a  hunting) ;  from  these  they  learnt  that 
the  trader  was  not  killed,  but  drowned  in  attempting  to  ford  the 


Oliio;  and  lliat  only  one  boy,  belonginn;  to  the  traders,  was  in 
these  parts;  the  trader,  (father  to  hitii)  bein^  gone  for  horses 
to  take  home  their  skins.  About  half  an  hour  after  seven  we 
set  out  from  our  encampment;  around  which  and  up  the  creek 
is  a  body  of  fine  land.  In  our  passage  down  to  this  we  sec- 
innumerable  ([uantities  of  turkeys,  and  many  deer  watering  and 
browsing  on  the  shore-side,  some  of  which  we  killed.  Neither 
yesterday  nor  the  day  before  did  we  pass  any  rifts,  or  vetv 
rapid  water,  the  river  gliding  gently  along;  nor  did  we  percei\e 
any  alteration  in  the  general  face  of  the  country,  except  that 
the  bottoms  seemed  to  be  getting  a  little  longer  and  wider,  as' 
the  bends  of  the  river  grew  larger. 

About  five  miles  from  the  Vine  Creek  comes  in  a  very  large 
creek  to  the  eastward,  called  by  the  Indians  Cut  Creek,  from  a 
town  or  tribe  of  Indians,  which  they  say  was  cut  off  entirely 
in  a  very  bloody  battle  between  them  and  the  Six  Nations. 
This  creek  empties  just  at  the  lower  end  of  an  island,  and  is 
seventy  or  eighty  yards  wide  ;  and  I  fancy  it  is  the  creek  com- 
monly called  by  the  people  of  Red-stone  cS:c  Wheeling.  It 
extends,  according  to  the  Indians'  account,  a  great  way,  and 
interlocks  with  the  branches  of  Split-Island  Creek;  abounding 
in  very  fine  bottoms,  and  exceeding  good  land.  Just  below 
this,  on  the  west  side,  comes  in  a  small  run;  and  about  five 
miles  below  it,  on  the  west  side  also,  another  middling  large 
creek  empties,  called  by  the  Indians  Broken-Timber  Creek; 
so  named  from  the  timber  that  is  destroyed  on  it  by  a  hurri- 
cane ;  on  the  head  of  this  was  a  town  of  the  Delawares,  which 
is  now  left.  Two  miles  lower  down,  on  the  same  side,  is 
another  creek  smaller  than  the  last,  and  bearing,  (according  to 
the  Indians,)  the  same  name.  Opposite  to  these  two  creeks, 
(on  the  east  side,)  appears  lo  be  a  large  bottom  of  good  land. 
About  two  miles  below  the  last  mentioned  creek,  on  the  east 
side,  and  at  the  end  of  the  bottom  aforementioned,  comes  in 
a  small  creek  or  large  run.  Seven  miles  from  this  comes  in 
Muddy  Creek,  on  the  east  side  of  the  river,  a  pretty  large  creek, 
and  heads  up  against  and  with  some  of  the  waters  of  Mononga- 
hela,  (according  to  the  Indians'  account,)  and  contains  some 
bottoms  of  very  good  land  ;  but  in  general  the  hills  are  steep. 
and  country  broken  about  it.  At  the  mouth  of  this  creek  is  the 
largest  flat  I  have  seen  upon  the  river;  the  bottom  extending 
two  or  three  miles  up  the  river  above  it,  and  a  mile  below ; 
tho  it  does  not  seem  to  be  of  the  richest  kind  and  yet  is  ex- 
ceeding good  upon  the  whole,  if  it  be  not  too  low  and  subject 
to  freshets.     About  half  way  in  the  long  reach  we  encamped. 


opposite  to  the  bej;inninf:;  of  a  bottom  on  the  east  side  of  the 
river.  At  this  place  we  threw  out  some  lines  at  nijj;ht  and 
found  a  catfish,  of  the  si/e  of  our  lar^a-st  river  (  ats,  hooked  lo 
it  in  the  morning,  though  it  was  of  the  smallest  kind  here.  VN'e 
found  no  rifts  in  this  day's  passage,  but  pretty  swift  water  in 
some  places,  and  still  in  others.  We  found  the  jjottoms  ir.- 
rreased  in  size,  both  as  to  length  and  breadth,  and  the  river 
more  choked  up  with  fallen  trees,  and  the  bottom  of  the  river 
next  the  shores  rather  more  muddy,  but  in  general  stony,  as  it 
has  been  all  the  way  down. 

26M, —  Left  our  encampment  at  half  an  hour  after  six  o'clock, 
and  passed  a  small  run  on  the  west  side  about  four  miles  lower. 
At  the  lower  end  of  the  long  reach,  and  for  some  distance  up  it, 
on  the  east  side,  is  a  large  bottom,  but  low,  and  covered  witli 
beech  near  the  river-shore,  which  is  no  indication  of  good  land. 
The  long  reach  is  a  straight  course  of  the  river  for  about 
eighteen  or  twenty  miles,  which  appears  the  more  extraordinary 
as  the  Ohio  in  general  is  remarkably  crookeil.  There  are  sev- 
eral islands  in  this  reach,  some  containing  an  hundred  or  more 
acres  of  land  ;  but  all  I  apprehend  liable  to  be  overflowed. 

At  the  end  of  this  reach  we  found  one  Martin  and  Lincfsa\', 
two  traders,  and  from  them  learnt,  that  the  person  drowned 
was  one  Philips,  attempting,  in  company  with  Rogers,  another 
Indian  trader,  to  swim  the  river  with  their  horses  at  an  im- 
proper place  ;  Rogers  himself  narrowly  escaping.  Five  miles 
lower  down  comes  in  a  large  creek  from  the  east,  right  .ngainst 
an  island  of  good  land,  at  least  a  mile  or  two  in  length.  At 
the  mouth  of  this  creek  (the  name  of  which  I  could  not  learn, 
except  that  it  was  called  by  some  Bull's  Creek,  from  one  iJuU 
that  hunted  on  it)  is  a  bottom  of  good  land,  though  rather  too 
much  mixed  with  beech.  Opposite  to  this  island  the  Indians 
showed  us  a  buffalo's  path,  the  tracks  of  which  we  see.  Five 
or  six  miles  below  the  last  mentioned  creek  we  came  to  the 
Three  Islands  before  which  we  observed  a  small  run  on  each 
side  coming  in.  Below  these  islands  is  a  large  body  of  (lat 
land,  with  a  watercourse  running  through  it  on  the  east  side, 
nnd  the  hills  back  neither  so  high  nor  steep  in  appearance,  as 
they  are  up  the  river.  On  the  other  hand,  the  bottoms  do  not 
appear  so  rich,  though  much  longer  and  wider.  The  bottom 
last  mentioned  is  upon  a  straight  reach  of  the  river,  I  suppose 
six  or  eight  miles  in  length,  at  the  lower  end  of  which  on  the 
east  side  comes  in  a  pretty  large  run  from  the  size  of  the  movith. 
About  this,  above,  below  and  back,  there  seems  to  be  a  very 
large  body  of  flat  land  with  some  little  risings  in  it. 


I 

HI 

■ 

™' 

8 


i 

[tI      ■ 


f ' 


About  twelve  miles  below  the  Three  Islands  we  encamped, 
just  above  the  mouth  of  a  creek,  which  appears  pretty  lar^e  at 
the  mouth,  and  just  above  an  island.  All  the  lands  from  a 
little  below  the  creek,  which  [  have  distinguished  by  the  name 
of  liull  Oeek,  appear  to  be  level,  with  some  small  hillocKS 
intermixed,  as  far  as  we  couUl  see  into  the  country.  We  met 
with  no  rifts  to-day,  but  sf)me  jirelty  stronjj;  water;  uj^on  the 
whole  tolerable  j;entle.  The  sides  of  the  river  were  a  good 
deal  inconunoded  with  old  trees,  which  impeded  our  passage 
a  little.  This  day  proved  clear  and  pleasant;  the  only  day 
since  the  i8th  that  it  did  not  rain  or  snow,  or  threaten  the  one 
or  other. 

21th. —  Left  our  encampment  a  (juarter  before  seven;  and 
after  passing  the  creek  near  which  we  lay,  and  another  much 
the  same  si/e  and  on  the  same  side,  (west)  also  an  island  about 
two  miles  in  length,  (but  not  wide,)  we  came  to  the  mouth  of 
Muskingum,  distant  from  our  encampment  about  four  miles. 
This  river  is  about  one  hundred  and  fifty  yards  wide  at  the 
mouth  ;  it  runs  out  in  a  gentle  current  and  clear  stream,  and 
is  navigable  a  great  way  into  the  country  for  canoes.  From 
Muskingum  to  the  liittle  Kanhawa  is  about  thirteen  miles. 
This  is  about  as  wide  at  the  mouth  as  the  Muskingum,  but  the 
water  much  deeper.  It  runs  up  towards  the  inhabitants  of 
Monongahela,  and,  according  to  the  Indians'  account,  forks 
about  forty  or  fifty  miles  up  it,  and  the  ridge  between  the  two 
prongs  leads  directly  to  the  settlement.  To  this  fork,  and 
above,  the  water  is  navigable  for  canoes.  On  the  upper  side 
of  this  river  there  appears  to  be  a  bottom  of  exceeding  rich 
land,  and  the  country  from  hence  quite  up  to  the  Three  Islands 
level  and  in  appearance  fine.  The  Ohio  running  round  it  in 
the  nature  of  a  horse-shoe  forms  a  neck  of  fiat  land,  which, 
added  to  that  running  up  the  second  long  reach  (aforemen- 
tioned,) cannot  contain  less  than  fifty  thousand  acres  in  viev,. 

About  six  or  seven  miles  below  the  mouth  of  the  Little  Ken- 
hawa,  we  came  to  a  small  creek  on  the  west  side,  which  the 
Indians  called  Little  Hockhocking ;  but  before  we  did  this,  we 
passed  another  small  creek  on  the  same  side  near  the  mouth  of 
that  river,  and  a  cluster  of  islands  afterwards.  The  lands  for 
two  or  three  miles  below  the  mouth  of  the  Kenhawa  on  both 
sides  of  the  Ohio  appear  broken  and  indifferent;  but  opposite 
to  the  Little  Hockhocking  there  is  a  bottom  of  exceeding  good 
land,  through  which  there  runs  a  small  watercourse.  I  suppose 
there  may  be,  of  this  bottom  and  flat  land  together,  two  or  three 
thousand  acres.     The  lower  end  of  this  bottom  is  opposite  to 


a  small  island,  wliicli  I  dare  say  little  oi  it  is  to  be  st'i-n  when 
the  river  is  iiit;li.  About  eiyht  miles  below  Little  Ht)ckh(tckin^ 
we  encamped  opposite  to  the  mouth  of  the  (ireat  Hockhockiri^, 
which,  though  so  called,  is  not  a  large  water;  tiioiigh  the  Ind- 
ians say  canoes  can  go  up  it  forty  or  titty  miles.  Since  we  left 
the  Little  Kenhawa  the  lands  appear  neither  so  level  nor  so 
good.  'I'he  benvls  of  the  river  and  bottoms  are  longer,  indeed, 
but  not  so  rich  as  in  the  uppi:r  |)art  of  the  river. 

28///. —  Left  our  encampment  about  seven  o'clock.  Two 
miles  below,  a  small  run  comes  in,  on  the  east  side,  through 
a  piece  of  land  that  has  .1  very  good  appearance,  the  bottom 
beginning  above  oui  encampi..  'it,  and  continuing  in  appear 
ance  wide  for  four  miles  down  to  a  place  where  there  comes 
in  a  small  run,  and  to  the  ni!is,  where  we  found  Kiashuta  and 
his  hunting  party  encamj  ■  .  Here  w  were  under  a  necessity 
of  i)aying  our  compliments,  as  t!iis  person  was  one  of  the  Six 
Nation  chiefs,  and  the  head  of  'M>m  upon  this  river.  In  the 
person  of  Kiashuta  I  found  an  old  acquaintance,  he  being  one 
of  the  Indians  that  went  to  the  I*rench  i.i  1753.  He  exjiressed 
a  satisfaction  at  seeing  me,  and  treated  u'^  with  great  kindness, 
giving  us  a  quarter  of  very  fine  buffalo.  He  iii.-.isted  upon  our 
spending  that  night  with  him,  and,  in  order  to  retard  us  as  little 
as  possible,  moves  his  camp  down  the  river  about  6  nii'es  just 
below  the  mouth  of  the  creek,  the  name  of  which  I  couul  not 
learn,  it  not  being  large.  At  this  place  we  all  encamped. 
After  much  counselling  the  o\-er  night,  they  all  came  to  my 
fire  the  next  morning  with  great  formality;  when  Kiashuta, 
rehearsing  what  had  passed  between  me  and  the  Sachems  at 
Colonel  Croghan's,  thanked  me  for  saying,  that  peace  and 
friendship  were  the  wish  of  the  people  of  Virginia,  (with  them) 
and  for  recommending  it  to  the  traders  to  deal  with  them  upon 
a  fair  and  equitable  footing  ;  and  then  again  expressed  their 
desire  of  having  a  trade  oj^ened  with  Virginia,  and  that  the 
governor  thereof  might  not  only  be  made  accjuainted  therewith, 
but  of  their  friendly  disposition  towards  the  white  people. 
This  I  promised  to  do. 

29M. —  The  tedious  ceremony,  which  the  Indians  observe  in 
their  counsellings  and  speeches,  detained  us  till  nine  o'clock. 
Opposite  to  the  c.eek,  just  below  which  we  encamped,  is  a 
pretty  long  bottom,  and  I  believe  tolerably  wide ;  but  about 
eight  or  nine  miles  below  the  aforementioned  creek,  and  just 
below  a  pavement  of  rocks  on  the  west  side,  comes  in  a  creek, 
with  fallen  timber  at  the  mouth,  on  which  the  Indians  say  there 
are  wide   bottoms  and  good  land.     The  river  bottoms  above, 


'ii 


lO 


for  some  distance,  are  very  good,  and  continue  for  near  half 
a  mile  below  the  creek.  The  pavement  of  rocks  is  only  to  be 
.seen  at  low  water.  About  a  mile  or  a  little  better  below  the 
jnouth  of  the  creek  there  is  another  pavement  of  rocks  on  the 
east  side,  in  a  kind  of  sedgy  ground.  On  this  creek  many 
buffaloes  are  according  to  the  Indians'  account.  Six  miles 
below  this  comes  in  a  small  creek  on  the  west  side,  at  the  end 
of  a  small,  naked  island,  and  just  above  another  pavement  of 
rocks.  This  creek  comes  thro  a  bottom  of  fine  land,  and  oppo- 
site to  it,  (on  the  east  side  of  the  river,)  appears  to  be  a  large 
bottom  of  very  fine  land  also.  At  this  place  begins  what  they 
call  the  Great  Bend.  Five  miles  below,  this,  again  on  the  east 
side,  comes  in  (about  200  yards  above  a  little  stream  or  gut) 
another  creek,  which  is  just  below  an  island,  on  the  upper  point 
of  which  are  some  dead  standing  trees,  and  a  parcel  of  white- 
bodied  sycamores ;  in  the  mouth  of  this  creek  lies  a  sycamore 
blown  down  by  the  wind.  From  hence  an  east  line  may  be  run 
three  or  four  miles;  thence  a  north  line  till  it  strikes  the  river, 
which  I  apprehend  would  include  about  three  or  four  thousand 
acres  of  exceeding  valuable  land.  At  the  mouth  of  this  creek 
which  is  three  or  four  miles  above  two  islands  (at  the  lower  end 
of  the  last  is  a  rapid,  and  the  point  of  the  bend)  is  the  warrior's 
jjath  to  the  Cherokee  country.  For  two  miles  and  a  half  below 
this  the  Ohio  runs  a  north-east  course,  and  finishes  what  they 
call  the  Great  Bend.  Two  miles  and  a  half  below  this  we 
encamped.  .  .  . 

No7>embcr  \st. —  A  little  before  eight  o'clock  we  set  off  with 
our  canoe  up  the  river,  to  discover  what  kinds  of  lands  lay 
upon  the  Kenhawa.  The  land  on  both  sides  this  river  just 
at  the  mouth  is  very  fine  ;  but  on  the  east  side,  when  you  get 
towards  the  hills,  (which  1  judge  to  be  about  six  or  seven  hun- 
dred yards  from  the  river,)  it  a[)pears  to  be  wet,  and  better 
adapted  for  meadow  than  tillage.  This  bottom  continues  up 
the  east  side  for  about  two  miles  ;  and  by  going  up  the  Ohio 
a  good  tract  might  be  got  of  bottom  land,  including  the  old 
Shawnee  Town,  which  is  about  three  miles  up  the  Ohio,  just 
above  the  mouth  of  a  creek,  where  the  aforementioned  bottom 
ends  on  the  east  side  the  Kenhawa,  which  extends  up  it  at 
least  fifty  miles  by  the  Indians'  account  and  of  great  width  (to 
be  ascertained  as  we  come  down) ;  in  many  places  very  rich, 
in  others  somewhat  wet  and  pondy;  fit  for  meadow,  but  upon 
the  whole  exceeding  valuable,  as  the  land  after  you  get  out  of 
the  rich  bottom  is  very  good  for  grain,  tho'  not  rich.  We 
judged  we  went  up  this  river  about  ten  miles  to-day.     On  the 


1 1 


ues  up 
I  Ohio 
he  old 
io,  just 
bottom 

it  at 
dth  (to 
y  rich, 
t  upon 
out  of 
We 

n  the 


east  side  appear  to  be  the  same  good  bottoms,  but  small, 
neither  long  nor  wide,  and  the  hills  back  of  them  rather  steep 
and  poor. 

2d. —  We  proceeded  up  the  river  with  the  canoe  about  four 
miles  farther,  and  then  encamped,  and  went  a  hunting  ;  killed 
live  buftaloes  and  wounded  some  others,  three  deer,  ivc.  This 
country  abounds  in  buffaloes  and  wild  game  of  all  kinds;  as 
also  in  all  kinds  of  wild  fowl,  there  being  in  the  bottoms  a  great 
many  small,  grassy  ponds,  or  lakes,  which  are  full  of  swans, 
geese,  and  ducks  of  different  kinds.  Some  of  our  people  went 
up  the  river  four  or  five  miles  higher,  and  found  the  same  kind 
of  bottom  on  the  west  side  ;  and  we  were  told  by  the  Indians, 
that  it  continued  to  the  falls,  which  they  judged  to  be  fifty  or 
sixty  miles  higher  up.  .  .  . 

17///. —  There  is  very  little  difference  in  the  general  width  of 
the  river  from  Fort  Pitt  to  the  Kenhavva ;  but  in  the  depth 
1  believe  the  odds  are  considerably  in  favor  of  the  lower  parts, 
as  we  found  no  shallows  below  the  Mingo  Town,  except  in  one 
or  two  places  where  the  river  was  broad,  and  there,  1  do  not 
know  but  there  might  have  been  a  deep  channel  in  some  part 
of  it.  I'^very  here  and  there  are  islands,  some  larger  and  some 
smaller,  which,  operating  in  the  nature  of  locks,  or  steps,  occa- 
sion pretty  still  water  above,  but  for  the  most  part  strong  and 
rapid  water  alongside  of  them.  However  there  is  none  of  these 
so  swift  but  that  a  vessel  may  be  rowed  or  set  up  with  poles. 
When  the  river  is  in  its  natural  state,  large  canoes,  that  will 
carry  five  or  six  thousand  weight  or  more,  may  be  worked 
against  stream  by  four  hands,  twenty  or  twenty-five  miles  a 
day ;  and  down,  a  good  deal  more.  The  Indians,  who  are  very 
dexterous  (even  their  women)  in  the  management  of  canoes, 
have  their  hunting-camps  and  cabins  all  along  the  river,  for 
the  convenience  of  transporting  their  skins  by  water  to  market. 
In  the  fall,  so  soon  as  the  hunting-season  comes  on,  they  set 
out  with  their  families  for  this  purpose  ;  and  in  hunting  will 
move  their  camps  from  place  to  place,  till  by  the  spring  they 
get  two  or  three  hundred  or  more  miles  from  their  towns; 
ihen  beaver  catch  it  in  their  way  up,  which  frequently  brings 
them  into  the  month  of  May,  when  the  women  are  employed  in 
planting,  the  men  at  market,  and  in  idleness,  till  the  Fall  again, 
when  they  pursue  the  same  course.  During  the  summer 
months  they  live  a  poor  and  perishing  life. 

The  Indians  who  reside  upon  the  Ohio,  (the  upper  parts  of 
it  at  least.)  are  composed  of  Shawnees,  Delawares.  and  some 
of  the  Mmgoes,  who,  gelling  but  liille  part  of  the  c JUbideration 


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12 

that  was  given  for  the  lands  eastward  of  the  Ohio,  view  the 
settlement  of  the  people  upon  this  river  with  an  uneasy  and 
jealous  eye,  and  do  not  scruple  to  say,  that  they  must  be  com- 
pensated for  their  right  if  the  people  settle  thereon,  notwith- 
standing the  cession  of  the  Six  Nations  thereto.  On  the  other 
hand,  the  people  from  Virginia  and  elsewhere  are  exploring  ami 
marking  all  the  lands  that  are  valuable,  not  only  on  Redstone 
and  other  waters  of  the  Monongahela,  but  along  down  the  Ohio 
as  low  as  the  Little  Kenhawa ;  and  by  next  summer  I  suppose 
will  get  to  the  Great  Kenhawa  at  least.  How  difficult  it  may 
be  to  contend  with  these  people  afterwards  is  easy  to  be  judged, 
from  every  day's  experience  of  lands  actually  settled,  supposing 
these  to  be  made ;  than  which  nothing  is  more  probable,  if  the 
Indians  permit  them,  from  the  disposition  of  the  people  a*^ 
present. 

Washington's  interest  in  the  West  began  when  he  was  hardly  out  of 
boyhood,  and  was  employed  to  survey  lands  for  Lord  Fairfax  amon^  the 
Alieghanies.  In  t749  his  brothers,  Lawrence  and  Augustine  Washington, 
became  members  and  Lawrence  the  chief  manager  of  the  Ohio  Companv, 
formed  in  Virginia  that  year  for  the  colonization  of  the  Ohio  country, —  the 
first  scheme  for  the  settlement  of  the  West  by  Englishmen.  H'S  Journal  c/ 
a  Tour  to  the  Ohio  in  1753,  published  after  his  visit  to  the  Krerich  posts  on 
the  Alleghany,  and  his  letters  at  the  time,  show  how  deeply  he  realized  the 
importance  of  the  struggle  l)etween  France  and  England  for  the  possession 
of  the  great  West.  No  other  Virginian  took  so  imjjortant  a  part  in  that 
struggle.  At  the  close  of  the  French  war  he  received  5,000  acics  on  th.e 
Ohio,  his  claim  as  an  oftker  for  services  in  the  war;  and  he  possessed  \\\wv 
self  of  other  claims  to  so  large  an  extent  that  at  one  time  he  controlled  over 
6o,oco  acres  on  the  Ohio,  at  the  outbreak  of  the  Revolution  being  probably 
the  l.irgest  owner  of  western  lands  in  America.  See  the  H''ashington-Craiv/ord  Letters  Con- 
cerning Western  Lands,  edited  by  C.  W.  liutterfield.  I'rawford  was  the  surveyor  eniiiloye'! 
by  Wasiiington  on  the  Ohio.  Wasliinglon's  Journal  of  his  own  tour  to  the  Ohio  in  17-".  t" 
inspect  these  lands, —  about  half  of  wliich  is  published  in  the  present  leaflet. —  is  reniatkahlr 
for  its  careful  studies  of  the  condition  and  prospects  of  this  p;irt  of  the  western  country. 
This  journey  down  the  Ohio  look  him  past  the  mouth  of  the  Muskingmn  and  the  place  where 
Rufus  Putnam  and  the  men  from  New  England,  less  than  twenty  years  later,  were  to  found 
Marietta.  Earlier  in  this  same  year,  1770,  Washinfjtdii  had  corresponded  with  Jeffersim 
about  the  opening  up  of  the  Potomac  and  a  connectiim  with  the  Ohio,  ^^s  "the  channel  of 
conveyance  of  the  extensive  and  valuable  trade  of  a  rising  empire";  ard  this  was  the  tir>t 
subject  of  his  thought  upon  the  close  of  the  devolution.  He  explored  the  Mohawk  route  !■ 
the  West.  Ho  explored  the  head  waters  of  the  Potomac  and  the  Ohio,  travelling  nearlv  -  n 
miles  on  horseback,  makinp  careful  maps.  He  wrote  a  remarkable  letter  to  Benjamin  Har- 
rison, the  governor  of  Virginia,  urging  the  opening  of  lines  of  communication  with  the  We>!. 
See  this  letter  and  the  historical  notes  in  Old  South  Leaflet,  No.  16  He  became  the  pres- 
ident of  the  Potomac  Company,  organized  in  17S5  for  establishing  connections  with  the 
West.  See  Pickell's  A  .\'ew  Chapter  in  the  Early  Life  of  H'ashington  for  a  full  accour.i 
of  this,  and  Washington's  letters  to  Jefferson,  Lee,  and  others  on  the  importance  of  open- 
ing u|)  the  West  antl  binding  tlie  sections  of  the  country  tirnily  together,  which  latter  point 
he  strongly  emphasized  in  his  Farewell  Address.  For  bis  interest  in  the  Ordinance  of  17S; 
and  his  services  in  behalf  of  tlen.  Rufus  Putnam  and  the  Ohio  Company  in  the  settlement 
of  Marietta  and  the  organization  of  the  Northwest  territory,  see  the  Life,  Journal's,  ana 
Correspondence  0/  Rev.  Manasseh  Cutler  and  the  St.  Clatr  Papers.  The  whole  fiistory  of 
Washington's  interest  in  the  opening  of  the  West  forms  one  of  the  most  important  chapteis 
of  his  lite. 


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